Development of Cost Estimation Tool

Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a standardized general-purpose modeling language in the field of software engineering. The Unified Modeling Language includes a set of graphic notation techniques to create visual models of object-oriented software-intensive systems. In software engineering, a class diagram in the UML is a type of static structure diagram that describes the structure of a system by showing the system's classes, their attributes, operations (or methods), and the relationships among the classes. The aim of my project is to develop a tool to estimate the cost of a software using UML class diagram. This is achieved by converting UML class diagram to XML (Extensible Markup Language) representation. XML is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable. By using the concept of class point approach, it calculates the total number of adjusted class point by parsing the XML file. First step for development of cost estimation tool requires understanding the concept of UML and XMI (XML Metadata Interchange). XMI is an Object Management Group (OMG) standard for exchanging metadata information via Extensible Markup Language (XML). The most common use of XMI is as an interchange format for UML models, although it can also be used for serialization of models of other languages. Conversion of UML class Diagram to XML representation using Magic Draw for parsing. Creating a XMI parser to find the NEM (Number of External Methods), NSR (Number of Service Requested) and NOA (Number of Attributes) and the type of classes. Using class point object oriented approach, calculate the effort required to develop a software system by NEM, NSR and NOA. Information procession size estimation includes identification and classification of classes, evaluation of complexity level of each class using 24 different type of drivers, estimation of the Total Unadjusted Class Point

Biological Potential of Substituted Thiadiazole Compounds

Heterocyclic compounds are present in most biologically active molecules. The chemistry of heterocyclic compounds has been an interesting field of study. Heterocyclic nucleus 1,3,4-thiadiazole constitutes constitutes an important class of compounds for drug development. The novel thiadiazoles and investigation of their chemical and biological behavior have gained more importance in recent decades. There has been intense investigation of different classes of thiadiazole compounds, many of which possess extensive pharmacological activities. The 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus is one of the most important and well-known heterocyclic nuclei, which is a common and integral feature of a variety of natural products and medicinal agents. Thiadiazole nucleus is present as a core structural component in an array of drug categories. The broad and potent activity of thiadiazole and their derivatives has established them as pharmacologically significant scaffolds. 1,3,4-Thiadiazole nucleus exhibited remarkable pharmacological activities Such as antibacterial, antifungal, antitubercular, antiviral, antileishmanial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antidepressant, anticonvulsant, anticancer, antioxidant, antidiabetic, molluscicidal, antihypertensive, diuretic.  So far, modifications of the thiadiazole ring have proven highly effective with improved potency and lesser toxicity. The present review highlights the recently synthesized thiadiazole possessing important biological activities

Protective role of biological potential curcumin in epileptic seizures and memory impairment

Central nervous system disorders are of great concern due to increasing stress and changing living conditions. Epilepsy is one of the most prevalent CNS disorders, and as a number of side eff ects are associated with the present antiepileptic drug treatments. The effect of curcumin on epileptic seizures, together with its effect on memory retention and the role of monoamines in protection from seizures and memory impairment. The estimations of norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin in cerebral cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus, pons and hypothalamus made it evident that curcumin exerted a potential antiepileptic and memory retentive effects, with considerable influence on the brain monoamine levels

Health impact of high fat, sugar and salt (HFSS) and poor nutrition foods

Health impact of high fat, sugar and salt (HFSS) foods and drink. The evidence on the link between consumption of HFSS foods and increased risk and incidence of certain diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, certain cancers as well as contributing to high levels of obesity both for children and adults. Poor nutrition has a significant impact on health. It affects noncommunicable diseases, such as obesity, dental caries, cardiovascular disease and some cancers, as well as immune status and recovery from infection and common deficiencies like anemia, children and young people are overweight or obese. The effects of poor nutrition on non-communicable diseases build up throughout the life course. Food habits and taste develop at an early age. Childhood nutrition is affected by a wide range of factors

Anticonvulsant Activities of Various Series of Heterocyclic Compounds Containing Triazole, Thiadiazine, Benzo-triazole, Benzothiazole, Oxadiazole Ring Systems

In searching for better anticonvulsant drug and the importance of 2,5-disubstituted 1,3,4-oxadiazoles, 2-amino-5- {2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino]benzyl}-1,3,4-oxadiazole (1), 1-(5-{2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino]benzyl}-1,3,4- oxadiazol-2-yl)-urea (2) and N-(5-{2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl) amino]benzyl}-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-hydrazine carbox-amide (3) and  N1-(5-{2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino]benzyl}-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-N4-(4-substituted benzaldehyde) -semicarbazones (4a-f) and N1-(5-{2-[(2,6-dichloro phenyl) amino] benzyl}-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-N4-[1-(4-substituted phenyl) ethanone]-semicarbazone (5a-d) and N1-(5-{2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl) amino]benzyl}-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl) -N4-[1-(4-substituted henyl) (phenyl) methanone]-semicarbazones (6a-d) were evaluated for their anticonvulsant activity. Among all the compounds, 6b emerged out as the most potent compound. The anticonvulsant activity of 7-alkoxy- triazolo-[3,4-b]benzo[d]thiazoles (7a-u). Most compounds showed good anticonvulsant activity. Compound (7g) was found to be the most potent compound. A series of 2-(1H-Benzotriazol-1-yl)-N'-[substituted]acetohydrazides (8a-j) were tested for anticonvulsant activity and the most active compound was (8i). Various 6-phenyl-7H-[1,2,4]triazolo [3,4-b] [1,3,4] thiadiazines (9a-n) fused with 1,2,4-triazoles. Most compounds showed some degree of anticonvulsant activity. Compound (9h) was the most promising compound. A series of benzothiazole sulfonamides, 2-Amino-1,3-benzothiazoles (10a-c), 6-Sulfamido-1,3-benzothiazo-2-yl-thiosemicarbazides (11a-c) and N-[(1,3-benzothiazole-2-ylamino) (imino)methyl]-nitro-benzene sulfonamides 12a-b  were tested for the anticonvulsant activity. The significant results were found with compounds (11c) and (10c). Compound (10c), (11c) and compound (10b) were found to be raised in the onset of convulsion and other test drugs showed moderate protection

Antitubercular drugs: Advances in nitrogen containing heterocyclic compounds and some other derivatives

Mycobacterial infections are infectious diseases. Control of TB is complicated by difficulties in the long-course chemotherapy treatment, the inability to eliminate latent microbes, and the increasing emergence of multidrug resistant strains of M. tuberculosis. New anti-TB drugs are urgently needed, including developments of short-term treatments to minimize the emergence of drug resistance and new drugs to treat multidrug resistant tuberculosis and to eliminate the latent microbes. Many new structural anti-TB agents exhibited promising activities against susceptible and resistant strains of M. tuberculosis.The diarylquinoline with superior anti-tuberculosis activity and encouraging results of nitroimidazopyrans and oxazolidinones have generated considerable excitement. In this review study the efforts to use of drugs for treatment of tuberculosis

SYNTHESIS AND ANALGESIC ACTIVITY OF 6-(MNITROPHENYL)-4-SUSTITUTED BENZYLIDENE-4,5-DIHYDROPYRIDAZIN-3(2H)-ONE DERIVATIVES

Many  research  groups  have  been  interested  in  3(2H)-pyridazinones  for  the  development  of  potential  analgesic  and  antiinflammatory  agents.  Stimulated  by  these  findings,  three  6-(mNitrophenyl)-4-sustituted  benzylidene-4,5-dihydropyridazin-3(2H)-ones (IVa-IVc) have been synthesized and evaluated for analgesic activity  against  hot  plate  method.  Compounds IVa-IVc were prepared from 6-m-nitrophenyl-4,5-pyridazin-3(2H)-one by condensation  with  respective  aldehydes.  All  compounds  (IVa-IVc)  having nitro  phenyl  and  benzylidene  groups  at  position  6  and  4  of  the pyridazinone  ring  receptively.  All  compounds  (IVa-IVc)  showed significant  analgesic  activity  when  compare  to  control  group  and were found less potent than reference drug aspirin.Key words:Pyridazinones, analgesic, benzylidene, nitrophenyl

Potential role of organic sulfur compounds from Allium in cancer prevention and therapy

The anticancer properties of fresh garlic extracts, aged garlic, garlic oil, and their specific organo-sulfur compounds of garlic. The anticarcinogenic and antitumorigenic characteristics appear through both dose and sequentially related changes in cellular events involved with the cancer process, including those involving drug metabolism, immune-competence, cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. The ability of garlic and related allyl sulfur compounds to block tumors in the colon, lung, breast, and liver. Few studies have compared the relative efficacy of water and lipid soluble allyl sulfur compounds, when using chemically induced carcinogen models and suggested little difference in responses, whereas tumor proliferation/apoptosis is highly dependent on the species provided. A shift in sulfhydryl groups, alterations in glutathione: oxidized glutathione ratios, and resultant changes in cellular redox status may be involved in some of the phenotypic changes caused by allyl sulfur compounds. Such changes in thiols by allyl sulfurs may also account for the observed hyperphosphorylation of specific cell cycle proteins and the histone hyper acetylation that has correlated with suppressed tumor cell proliferation. Whereas the anticarcinogenic and antitumorigenic data are impressive and more studies are needed to exposures the allyl sulfur compounds anticancer activities

Study of Some Analogue of Currently Cilinically used Pyrazinamide Compounds

There has been considerable interest in the development of new compounds with anti mycobacterial activity particularly against multidrug resistance (MDR) and extensively drug resistant (XDR) tuberculosis (TB) because mycobacterium species have developed resistant against currently used drugs. The currently use anti-TB agents having toxic effect and long period of therapy. Therefore, many researchers have synthesized various analougues of currently used anti-TB agents for antiTB activity. These observations have been guiding for the development of new agents that possess potent antiTB activity with minimum side effects or effective against MDR, XDR mycobacterium, and also in patient co-infected with HIV/AIDS